Notes
Marzolf 7.2
Marzolf 7.3
Marzolf 22.4
Marzolf 8.5
"Retires" 3.6
Romantic 33, Raftery 51.7
Limprecht 4-5.8
Limprecht 5. A personal and financial battle raged between Rosewater and Hitchcock for years, and it wasn't until 1898, when the World-Herald acquired the wire services of Hearst's New York Journal as well as the New York Herald during the Spanish-American War, that Hitchcock's paper edged into the number one spot in circulation Limprecht (12-13).9
Star Wagon 72-73.10
According to Maria Braden in She Said What?, "Columnists enjoy fame, independence, and a special relationship with readers. . . .Unfettered by the need to be objective or fair, columnists can be scathing in their criticism, unabashed in their praise, funny or poignant, arrogant or intensely personal" (ix).11
Star Wagon 73.12
Beasley and Gibbons 8.13
Beasley 10.14
By 1910, Omaha brothels numbered over one hundred. Bristow 208.15
Bristow 202-205.16
According to Nancy Woloch, in Women and the American Experience (2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), "In 1889, on the basis of a government survey of almost 4,ooo prostitutes in major eastern and midwestern cities, the commissioner of labor, Carroll D. Wright, concluded that prostitutes were often recruited among girls of the 'industrious classes.' Almost a third of those surveyed had entered the trade directly from home. The rest had previously been employed in a cross section of women's occupations. . . . In Chicago, Jane Addams cited a combination of urban temptations, female gullibility, and the hazard of seduction. . . ." (234-5). "Ironically," Woloch adds, "prostitution had become a last frontier of female free enterprise. According to historian Ruth Rosen, the progressive era prostitute could expect to earn about five times the income of the typical woman wage earner, such as a factory worker" (235).17
Hamaker n.p.18
In "The Road," London described what happened in Omaha and Council Bluffs: "A ‘stiff’ is a tramp. It was once my fortune to travel a few weeks with a "push" that numbered two thousand. This was known as "Kelly's Army." Across the wild and woolly West, clear from California, General Kelly and his heroes had captured trains; but they fell down when they crossed the Missouri and went up against the effete East. The East hadn't the slightest intention of giving free transportation to two thousand hoboes. Kelly's Army lay helplessly for some time at Council Bluffs. . . . In the meantime, while we lay by the dead tracks, the good people of Omaha and Council Bluffs were bestirring themselves. Preparations were making to form a mob, capture a train in Council Bluffs, run it down to us, and make us a present of it. The railroad officials coppered that play, too" ("Jack London").19
Kennedy.20
"’Gentleman’ Jim Corbett."21
Isenberg 319-323.22
"King Corbett" 1.23
Isenberg 327-328.24
Kocherberger xlii, 395.25
In 1889, Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman), reporter for the Pittsburgh Dispatch and the New York World, became the best known journalist of her day for her exposés of the conditions in insane asylums, city jails, and sweatshops, as well as of bribery in the legislature. She culminated her career in her record-breaking journey around the world in seventy-two days. However, in 1895 she married millionaire Robert Seaman, and retired from writing. When her husband died ten years later, she set about restoring her husband's failing businesses and initiating social reforms for her employes, such as physical fitness and literacy programs and health care.